Tax Dollars Should Fund Religious Schools Essay - 640 Words

Tax Dollars Should Fund Religious Schools The issue of whether or not to use tax dollars to provide private schools with vouchers has been controversial for many years now. Many people feel that it is our governments obligation to provide private institutions with the proper funds, while others believe that if private schools inherit our tax dollars then it is violation of our constitution as it promotes a particular religion. I think it is our governments responsibility to provide each and every school with tax dollars, regardless of its orientation. Many reasons, especially popularity and success rates provide substantial evidence that private schools should be funded by government vouchers. The main concern of those who†¦show more content†¦In addition there is no evidence supporting that it is unconstitutional to involve the state with religion or that anyone was coerced into practicing religion. The Supreme Court ruled in Everson vs. Board of Education that the taxes that would be spent would be for a public purpose; that being educating children. That is the purpose of our government to provide education to our children. In the Supreme Court case Mitchell vs. Helms the court ruled that taxpayers money can be used to provide certain materials for religious schools. So obviously it is not unconstitutional to fund private schools if they already decided to give materials to these schools. Therefore there is no evidence supporting the fact that the publics taxes should not go to private schools. Our job as a community and a society is to provide children with education. It should not matter what school these students choose to attend, we should still provide them with the opportunity to learn. As stated in USA Today, 47% of school-age students would use private schools if they had the right resources. Students should be able to decide where they want to get their education. The more a student likes their environment, the more apt they are to learning. We should not deprive them of learning in any form. By not funding these schools we are in fact then depriving the students. According to the Wall Street Journal, voucher students are more likely to stay in school, learn more,Show MoreRelatedEssay on No Tax Dollars for Religious Education661 Words   |  3 PagesNo Tax Dollars for Religious Education Tax dollars are your money at work.   Do you want your money to go to fund private religious schools?   Tax dollars should not fund religious education because it is a violation of the separation of church and state clause of the first amendment to the constitution. Lately we have seen proposals for vouchers.   These vouchers are public money given to low income family so they may send their kids to private schools.   Most of the schools who use this programRead MoreA Religious Organization1509 Words   |  7 PagesThe more a member of a religious congregation gives, the more they get. Phrases such as these are strangely vague, and makes a person wonder why the term â€Å"they†, does not sound like the member is receiving the benefits. The phrase is in reference to giving money to a church or religious organization. Tithing is a normal part of being a member of a congregation however, just as no one knows what they are receiving in return; we don’t know how much religious organizations are receiving in financialRead MoreChurches Should Not Remain Tax Exempt743 Words   |  3 PagesChurches Should Not Remain Tax Exempt Since 1894, churches in the United States of America (US) have received an official federal income tax exemption, although, unofficially, they have been tax-exempt since the country’s founding. Churches are tax exempt in two major ways—one, in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, churches are exempt from paying property tax, and two, donations to churches are tax-deductible for the donator. Because giving churches special exemptions violates the separationRead MoreEssay Will School Vouchers Improve Public Schools?1082 Words   |  5 Pagesthat American society cannot afford to ignore, as the discussion on voucher schools directly affects our youth, the very foundation of our country. Many cities across the United States have proposed school voucher programs in an effort to improve the education of inner-city children that come from low-income families. However, with this proposition arises certain questions that cannot be avoided. Although proponents of school vouchers argue differently, challengers of the system expressly state thatRead MoreThe Freedom Of School Choice Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pagesfounded upon freedom, the liberty to choose the institution from which you get your education should be a greater concern in Pennsylvania. Our nation has prided itself upon its legacy of liberty, as well as the many opportunities it has been able to provide for its citizens. And yet our government has been continuously denying us one very important freedom that all in America should have, the freedom of school choice. You would think that more people would be concerned with this infringement upon humanRead MoreThe Government Is Subsidizing What Robert Reich Has A `` Plutocratic Bias ``934 Words   |  4 Pagescharitable sector at a steep cost to the national treasury. This is in large part because the charitable tax deduction, which serves as the charitable sector’s primary financing mechanism, creates tax incentive structures for d onors that are steeply regressive. In 2012, tax subsidies to the charitable sector cost the government more than $50 billion in lost tax revenue. Given the billions of dollars in government subsidies and donations, it seems only reasonable to ask if this sector actually supportsRead MoreEducation : Religion And Education2010 Words   |  9 PagesReligion in Education Public education in America was first founded April 23, 1635 at the Boston Latin School in Boston, Massachusetts. However the â€Å"first town in the U.S. to establish a free, tax-supported public school† was founded in 1644 in Dedham, Massachusetts (Walking Tour, 2010). Coincidentally though the teacher in Dedham, the first tax-funded public education, was Rev. Ralph Wheelock. Reverend Wheelock tied together education and religion to efficiently nurture youth to become contributingRead MoreThere Basic Concepts That Guide An Individual Throughout1285 Words   |  6 Pagessocieties self-identity. The Issue Rock of Ages and a Hard Space (2003) presents the topic of how society regulates religion. The issue consisted on whether the state can determine which studies they can provide funding s too. It is set that congress should not make laws in regard to establishing a religion or prohibiting the freedom to exercise it (Rock of Ages and a Hard Space, 2003). Meaning promoting any kind of religion. However, in the case of Locke v. Davey, the argument consist in determiningRead MoreThe Lack of Separation of Church and State is an Attack on Americas Ideals1350 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiment on our (religious) liberties (Maddox 3). Former president James Madisons words still ring through American ears as a nation is alarmed by the governments attack on Americas religious ideals Like James Madison, the first Europeans to settle the United States came with a dream of religious freedom. After being social pariahs in their native countries, these settlers held their religious choice sacred. The y left their homes, families, and lives behind to seek freedom from religious constraintsRead MoreThe Democratic National Party vs. the Republican National Party1131 Words   |  5 PagesOn the issue of tax relief, the Republicans called for more tax breaks than did the Democratic party. The Democrats called for â€Å"a research and development tax credit; a low income housing tax credit; [and] a long term capital gains proposal for new businesses and business expansions†(â€Å"First Presidential Debate, 1992†). The Republican party went much further. In the first presidential debate on October 11, 1992, Bush called for a capital gains cut, and investment allowance, and a tax break for first-time

A movie Review about Do the Right Thing Free Essays

The film Do the Right Thing was a story of the neighborhood of Bed-Stuy in Brooklyn, New York. In this mostly African-American neighborhood, everything seemed to be peaceful at the beginning of the hottest day of the year. The Italian-Americans that owned Sal’s Famous Pizzeria opened the restaurant, Mookie, the African-American delivery boy for Sal’s Famous Pizzeria, reported for work, and the rest of the neighborhood went about their daily business. We will write a custom essay sample on A movie Review about Do the Right Thing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Toward the middle of the day, Buggin Out, one of Mookie’s friends, tried to get a boycott of Sal’s pizzeria organized because there were no pictures of African-Americans on Sal’s â€Å"Wall of Fame.† No one wanted to be a part of it, because they all loved Sal’s Famous Pizzeria. By the time night fell and the pizzeria was about to close for the night, Buggin Out got Radio Raheem to join in the boycott. After a fight started when Sal busted Radio Raheem’s boom box, the entire neighborhood got involved. When the police showed up, Mookie’s friend was arrested, and, as the police were trying to subdue Radio Raheem, they accidentally strangled him to death. The police put Radio Raheem’s body in the back of the police car and left.   This act of violence made the neighborhood react violently toward Sal, who had nothing to do with how the police treated Radio Raheem. Mookie was the first to throw a trash can through a window of the pizzeria. After that, people from the neighborhood stormed the restaurant, stealing the money, breaking everything inside before finally setting the pizzeria ablaze. Sal’s Famous Pizzeria was gone. The heat outside was a metaphor for the tensions that arose in the neighborhood.   As the weather got hotter, the tension mounted. As people became agitated because of the heat, they also became agitated because of the underlying racial conflicts that seemed to infiltrate the neighborhood.   When the heat rose to its hottest point, the tension boiled over, resulting in the death of Radio Raheem and the riot at Sal’s Famous Pizzeria. For example, at about the mid-point of the day, Da Mayor is confronted by a group of neighborhood teenagers.   The teenagers ask Da Mayor why he gets to be the â€Å"mayor† and that he walks up and down the block like he owns it.   They resort to calling him a fossil and a bum.   Da Mayor replies that until they know how it feels not to be able to feed their families, they do not know him, or anything at all.   From this scene, the tension got worse as the day got longer, resulting in the riot. The heat was palpable; it was an entity that slowed the characters down and each were forced to overcome it.   This entity was akin to a demon.   It interfered with each person’s conscience and forced each individual to make rash decisions. In essence, the heat made the characters act out in the violent way that they did.   If it were not for the extreme heat, perhaps the decisions would have been different, and the riot could have been avoided. Several people â€Å"do the right thing† throughout the film.   For example, Da Mayor does the right thing when he pushed the little boy out of the way of a speeding car, saving his life. Mookie does the right thing when he escorts Buggin Out out of Sal’s Famous Pizzeria when he started to get belligerent. Sal does the right thing when, even though Mookie started the riot, he pays Mookie what he owes him for his work the previous night. However, in the events leading up to and during the riot, no one does the right thing.   Sal broke the boom box, which resulted in him being attacked and Mookie threw the trash can through a window of the pizzeria, which resulted in a riot. In view of the bigger picture, Sal’s pizzeria still burned down, Mookie is still out of a job, and the entire neighborhood is a little worse for wear. Just because a couple of people did the right thing throughout the day does not mean that everything should be forgiven.   The tension, like the heat, infected everyone like a sickness. People were already belligerent from the heat, and the accumulation of the day’s events added fuel to the fire. The riot turned into a race war.   In the end, no one won. There was still a loss felt, for both Radio Raheem, who died at the hands of the police, and for a long-time member of the neighborhood, Sal’s pizzeria. How to cite A movie Review about Do the Right Thing, Papers

England and Northern Ireland History free essay sample

Catherine Ann Taylor Comparative Politics spring 2013 The Relationship between the English and Northern Irish in the Context of In the Name of the Father The intertwined and complex history of England and Ireland dates back to the 12th century, when English barons seized Irish lands. This continued until the 1300s, at which point most of the land in Ireland was owned by English. Loyalty to England weakened when the Englishmen began identifying more in Ireland. In 1534, Henry VIII took control of Ireland. When he became king of Ireland in 1541, he created new laws that increased English control over Ireland (Northern Ireland Timeline). Queen Elizabeth I attempted to assert English authority over Ireland by outlawing Catholic services, which only made Catholics protest more strongly against British rule (Northern Ireland Timeline). Conflict between England and Northern Ireland can be traced back to the 1600s, when the English squelched a number of rebellions by the Irish. (Imbornoni, Brunner, and Rowen) A large portion of Ireland, especially Northern Ireland, was then colonized by Scottish and English Protestants (Imbornoni, Brunner, and Rowen). In 1649, Oliver Cromwell led an army to Ireland to stop Irish revolts against British rule. Cromwell, who was in favor of Protestantism, established several anti-Catholic laws that stripped them of many political rights. In 1688, the British invited William of Orange to be king of England and Scotland, causing King James II of England to flee to Ireland. Williams army defeated that of James in the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 (Northern Ireland Timeline). During the 1800s the northern and southern Ireland grew further apart due to economic differences. The standard of living in the north elevated with the rise of industry and manufacturing . The south had unequal distribution of land and resources, as Anglican Protestants owned the ajority of the land. This resulted in a lower standard of living for the large Catholic population (Imbornoni, Brunner, and Rowen). Northern Ireland did not gain political separation from the rest of Ireland until the early portion of the 20th century, when the issue of home rule divided Protestants and Catholics into two conflicting camps. The majority of Irish Catholics wanted complete independence from Britain, but Irish Protestants did not, as they feared that their interests would be realized in a country with a Catholic majority rule (Imbornoni, Brunner, and Rowen). In the early twentieth entury there was a long period of guerilla warfare between the nationalist Irish Republican Army (IRA) and British military forces (Imbornoni, Brunner, and Rowen). In 1920, Britain passed the Government of Ireland Act, which divided Ireland into two separate political entities that each possessed some qualities of self-government. Dorney) One entity with twenty-six counties was known as the Irish Free State, and was somewhat independent. The other entity remained part of the United Kingdom. the United Kingdom and Republicanists, who wanted Ireland to have complete independence (Northern Ireland Timeline). There was also a divide along religious lines, with Ulster Protestants accepting the legislation, while Southern Catholics rej ected it, wanting complete independence as one, unified Ireland. The Irish Free State became an independent republic in 1949 (Imbornoni, Brunner, and Rowen). In 1921, British and Irish forces arranged a treaty that would allow a considerable amount of independence to the 26 Irish counties that were then the Irish Free State. The problem with the treaty was that dissolved the Republic declared in 1918 and pledged Irish parliament members to pledge their allegiance to Britain. In addition, it the separation of Northern and Southern Ireland, which was previously established with the 1920 Government of Ireland Act (Dorney). Most violent clashes between Catholics and Protestants had come to a halt after the 1921 Agreement until the 1960s, when bloody riots broke out in Londonderry in 1968, and again in Londonderry and Belfast in 1969. Even with British troops brought in to restore and maintain order, the clashes worsened as the IRA and Protestant paramilitary groups carried out bombings and other acts of terrorism. This continuing conflict went on nto the 1990s, and became known as the Troubles. Even with the action taken to resolve to the conflict in the 1970s and 80s, terrorist violence was still a problem in the early 1990s, as British troops remained in full force. Over 3,000 people died as a result of the strife in Northern Ireland. (Imbornoni, Brunner, and Rowen). These bombings occurred at the zenith of the Northern Ireland Troubles, when an average of almost one person a day was being killed. There was a disturbing implication of anti-lrish bias in the British Judicial system in bringing these ca ses of violence to justice in British courts. This bias was felt in Irish communities and the legal system there, and it eroded British civil liberties and the concept of British fair play. The integrity of British institutions took a toll. There was a ripple effect into British life of other aspects of Irish violence (Bell, 768-769). An enduring and unpleasant pattern began in the seventies involving IRA bombings and terrorist scares in Britain. Three different sets of suspects were arrested, tried and convicted in such a way that signified to many people that British Justice was adapting to work intensely against Irish favor. Bew and Gillespie). This makes sense, as there was extreme pressure on the police to find the IRA bombers who had brought their terrorism from Ireland to mainland Britain (Bell, 768-769). One of the most vivid displays of violence in the Irish psyche was the bombing of a Guildford pub in 1974 by the IRA. Ptes Jean Slater, Ann Hamilton, John Hunter and William Forsyth and another civilian were killed (and many more were injured) by a bomb that exploded in the Horse and Groom pub. Later that night, a similar bomb exploded in a Woolwich pub. Two were killed there as well (Imbornoni, Brunner, and Rowen). Weeks afterward, Gerry Conlon, Patrick Armstrong, Paul Hill and Carole Richardson, who would soon be known as the Guildford Four, were arrested and later sentenced to life in prison. Paul Hill and Patrick Armstrong were also saddled with the blame of the Woolwich bombing (Harding). Gerry Conlons father, Giuseppe Conlon, and members of the their family, who became known as the Maguire Seven, were later brought into the situation (Harding). The Maguire family was convicted of the Guildford bombings in 1976 (Bew and Gillespie). They were When Mrs. Maguire and her husband were sentenced to 14 years for handling xplosives, she was carried out of court kicking and screaming: l am innocent. My sons, my sons. The boys were also Jailed. Her brother-in-law, Giuseppe Conlon, had travelled to England to assist in the legal defense of his son Gerry, but was arrested in a local pub with Mrs. Maguires husband Patrick, her brother and a friend (Harding). Giuseppe Conlon was given 12 years. Relatives had to look after the Maguires two other children until Mrs. Maguires release in 1985 after serving her jail time (Harding). On October 17, 1989, it was announced that corruption proceedings would be taken against law enforcement officers who dealt with the onviction of the Guildford Four. Three of the Guildford Four- Gerard Conlon, Carole Richardson and Patrick Armstrong- were released on October 19 after fourteen years of Jail time. Paul Hill was kept in custody, because he was alleged to be involved in another, unresolved case. The court of appeal decided that the 1975 convictions were based on confessions that were made up by the police (Bew and Gillespie). The 1993 movie In the Name of the Father is based on the true story of the Guildford Four, with a focus on Jerry and Giuseppe Conlon the father and son pair for which the movie is named. The movie opens with Jerry accidentally starting a riot between British forces and Irish citizens along with the IRA. Giuseppe decides to send his son Jerry to England so that he can avoid the Troubles. Jerry meets his friend Paul Hill on the boat to London, and Hill takes them to live in a squatters house with several hippies. When they decide to leave several weeks later, Jerry robs a prostitute (IMDB). The bombing of the Guildford pub goes on that same night. Jerry decides to go back to Belfast. One of the hippies tells the police that Paul and Jerry are troublemakers, and several weeks later both are arrested. The British government tortures them and two other Irish people into confessing to the bombing. When they go to court, they protest that they are innocent despite signing their confession, and the evidence against them is flimsy. They go to Jail anyway, and Jerry and Giuseppe share a Jail cell. When Jerry meets Joe McAndrews in Jail, he has confessed to the bombings that Jerry is in Jail for, but the British government still wont release him (In the Name of the Father). Gareth Peirce becomes the Conlons attorney, with the hopes of proving their innocence. Giuseppe dies in prison, and Jerry continues to campaign for their vindication. Peirce seizes a special opportunity to look at their files, and finds information labeled not to be shown to the defense. She builds her case with this her newfound evidence (In the Name of the Father). When the four are brought back to court in London, the Judge reviews the evidence she presents and finds every member of the Guildford Four innocent. The Judge does not charge any of the guilty British law enforcement officers in the matter, and he does not declare Giuseppe innocent posthumously. The movie ends with Jerry vowing to clear his fathers name (IMDB). When the Guildford case collapsed, there was doubt by about the accusations gainst the Maguire family, who had been pegged as helping the wrongly accused Guildford Four construct the bombs that they, of course, had never constructed. Sir John May was appointed to inquire into the situation surrounding the Maguire family (Bew and Gillespie). not depicted in In the Name of the Father, were lumped together in history in that all of these groups had been arrested, questioned and beaten or tortured into giving confessions, according to those involved, for acts of terrorism on England that they did not commit. All of the cases were carried out with flimsy, unsustainable evidence nd circumstances. Even after the IRA indicated that the groups were innocent, not all legal parties were convinced (Bell, 768-769). When the Guildford Four case was declared unsound and the men were released, Gerry Conlons Proved Innocent: The Story of Gerry Conlon of the Guildford Four and Paul Hills Stolen Years, Before and After Guildford were published. These books put the British prison system and the West Midlands Police, who had tortured the Guildford Four, under a harsh and critical public light (Bell, 768-769). Douglas Hurd, the home secretary, said that had in the Guildford case there had been a serious iscarriage of Justice, which has resulted in wrongful imprisonment. He felt regret and deep concern (Harding). The Troubles in Ireland went on for another twenty years before dying down in the early 1990s, before flaring up again in 1996. When peace talks with the British government began again in 1997, a ceasefire went into place. The Good Friday Agreement was reached in 1998, which included provisions to make Ireland a country without the consent of Northern Ireland, and ensured all Irish basic civil a nd human rights. It also included provisions bring down the number of security forces in Northern Ireland and to begin having an unarmed police force.

Password Protection free essay sample

Today, everyone is having online banking account and   e-mail account . Safety is an important aspect. If some intruder steal our password, then we have to pay high price for it. So protecting password is a significant factor for each and every one in this e-world. This speech provides mechanism to protect our online password. Choosing a Good Password Your password is what tells the computer that you are who you say you are. Until we can do retina scans like in James Bond movies, the password is the best that we can do. But, because your password is like a key to your account, you need to safeguard it. Anyone who has your password can get into your account, and your files. Anyone who can guess your password has it. Anyone who has your password can pose as you. Therefore, you may be held responsible for someone elses actions, if they are able to get your password. We will write a custom essay sample on Password Protection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You may not wish this to happen. Tips on safeguarding your password * First and foremost, NEVER give your password to anyone. Anyone means your coworkers, your spouse, your systems administrator. In the event of an emergency, the sysadmin can change your password. Your sytems administrator never has a need to know your personal password. If someone needs to get onto our machines, and has a reason to be here, do not give them access to your account. Speak to the systems staff about us setting up an account for them. We would be very happy to give them one. * Make your password something you can remember. Do not write it down. If you really, honestly forget your password, we can easily give you a new one. Wed rather set your password once a month because you forgot it than have someone find it written down and gain unauthorized access to your account. * Make your password difficult for others to guess. This is not as hard as it initially seems. See the section below on chosing a good password. * DO NOT Change your password because of mail from someone claiming to be your systems administrator, supposedly needing access to your files!! This is a popular scam in some circles. Remember, your systems administrator never needs your password for any reason. If someone needs to ask you to change your password so that they can gain entry to your account, they do not have reason to be there. We run sophisticated password crackers on the password files of our machines.

Marketing 3.0 Essays

Marketing 3.0 Essays Marketing 3.0 Essay Marketing 3.0 Essay Marketing 3. 0 Authors : Philip Kotler Hermawan Kartajaya Iwan Setiawan ISBN No: 978-81-265-2619-2 INTRODUCTION In this new book, written by Iwan Setiawan, Hermawan Kartajaya and Philip Kotler titled Marketing 3. 0: Values-Driven Marketing or the human-centric era is the age where consumers will be treated as human beings who are active, anxious, and creative. They define Marketing 1. 0 as a product-centric era, marked with the famous saying of Henry Ford, Any customers can have a car painted any colour that he wants as long it is black. When it comes to todays information age where consumers are well informed and can compare several value offerings of similar products, then the product value is defined by the consumer. They called it Marketing 2. 0 or customer-centric era. Marketing 3. 0 thinks about consumers as whole humans with hearts, minds and spirits. From Ford’s any colour you want, as long as it is black (Marketing 1. 0), to Customer is the King (Marketing 2. 0); marketing has evolved into a collaborative exercise which is defined as the marketing 3. 0. Marketing 3. clearly lays out the authors key ideas and gives you real-world examples so you can implement Marketing 3. 0 practices at your organization. Customers have realized that their purchasing power has a global impact, and they are acting accordingly and talking to each other about the choices they make. Marketing 3. 0 explains how you can engage this conversation, position your brand as a positive force in the world, and collaborate successful ly with customer-advocates. Marketing 3. 0 takes a holistic approach to customers as multidimensional, values-driven people, even as potential collaborators. Marketing 3. 0 explores how brands have an impact on issues such as poverty. Socio-cultural change and environmental sustainability. It also looks at how values-driven marketing affects employees, channel partners, and shareholders. The new model for marketing-Marketing 3. 0-treats customers not as mere consumers but as the complex, multi-dimensional human beings that they are. Customers, in turn, are choosing companies and products that satisfy deeper needs for participation, creativity, community, and idealism. Leading companies realize they must reach these highly aware, technology-enabled customers, and that the old rules of marketing wont help them do this. Instead, they must create products, services, and corporate cultures that inspire, include, and reflect their customers values. With the human spirit being the key driver across an organization’s vision, mission and values,   it’ll be a major overhaul for most of us to move beyond the Segment – Target – Promotion (STP) approach and adopt a more inclusive approach. Products can no longer be sold in isolation. Consumers search for companies that meet their deepest needs for social, economic and environmental justice in their mission, vision and values. Not for only functional and emotional fulfilment but also human spirit fulfilment in the products and services they choose. In Marketing 3. 0, world-leading marketing guru Philip Kotler explains why the future of marketing lies in creating products, services, and company cultures that inspire, include, and reflect the values of target customers. Examines companies that are ahead of the curve, such as S. C. Johnson. The values of S. C Johnson amp; Son are rooted in the concept of the triple bottom line: economic value, environmental health and social progress. To target the minds, hearts and spirit of current and future employees, the company uses the triple bottom line concept. By saying that the company’s fundamental strength lies in its people, it targets the mind. To target the heart, the company hires mothers and was dubbed one of the 100 best companies for working mothers. By offering the opportunity to do what’s right for the environment and social sustainability, the company targets the spirit. Marketing 3. is about changing the way consumer do things in their lives. When a brand brings transformation, consumers will unconsciously accept the brand as part of their lives. This is what human spirit marketing is all about. A brand possesses great characters when it becomes the symbol of a movement that addresses the problems in the society and transforms people’s lives. Example Colgate, a brand with a mission to make people smile is running a consumer empowerment program called Smile. It encourages consumers to post photos of their smiles and connect with others participating in the program. CHAPTER WISE SUMMARY Chapter 1 In this chapter, Marketing 3. 0 is the era where marketing practices are very much influenced by changes in consumer behaviour and attitude. It is the more sophisticated form of the consumer-centric era where the consumer demands more collaborative, cultural and spiritual marketing approaches. New wave technology enables people to turn from being consumers into prosumers. One of the enablers of new wave technology is the rise of social media. Social media is classified in two types: 1. Expressive social media that include blogs, twitter, face book, photo sharing sites like flickr and other social networking sites. . Collaborative social media that includes sites such as Wikipedia, Craiglist etc. Technology drives globalisation of the legal, political, economy and social culture landscape, which creates cultural paradoxes in the society. As social media becomes increasingly expressive, consumers will be able to increasingly influence other consumers with their opinions and experiences . The influence that corporate advertising has on shaping buying behaviour will diminish accordingly. Because social media is low cost and bias free, it will be the future of marketing communications. Collaboration can also be a new source of innovation. Marketers today no longer have full control over their brands because they are now competing with the collective power of the consumers. Collaboration begins when marketing managers listen to the consumers’ voices to understand their minds and capture market insights. A more advanced collaboration takes place when consumers themselves play the key role in creating value through cocreation of products and services. Marketing 3. 0 is not about companies doing public relations. It is about companies weaving values into their corporate cultures. Profit will result from consumers’ appreciation of these companies contribution to human well being. Chapter 2 The year 1989 proved to be the tipping point for marketing as well. The personal computer had entered the mainstream and the internet was born as a strong complement in the 1990s. Technology also drives the rise of the creative market, i. e. more spiritual in viewing the world. Given the rise of more engaged consumers, the 3i model (identity, integrity amp; image) will be essential for all marketing practitioners to effectively handle positioning, differentiating and branding. Marketing in culmination will be a consonance of 3 concepts: identity, integrity and image. Marketing is clearly defining your unique identity and strengthening it with authentic integrity to build a strong image. Marketing 3. 0 offers not just a concept, but detailed notes on how it can be implemented and practiced by corporates. Chapter 3 To market the company’s or products mission to consumers, companies need to offer a mission of transformation, build compelling stories around it and involve consumers in accomplishing it. Defining a good mission starts with identifying small ideas that can make a big difference. To convince consumers that your stories are authentic, engage them in conversation about your brand. Customer empowerment is the key to making a difference. Chapter 4 Corporate culture is about integrity. It is about aligning the shared values and common behaviour of employees. In the context of the forces at work, corporate culture should be collaborative, cultural and creative. It should transform the lives of people employees and empower employees to transform the lives of others. Permission to play values is the basic standards of conduct that the employees should have when they join the company. Aspirational values are values that a company lacks but the management hopes to achieve. Accidental values are acquired as a result of common personality traits of employees. Core values are the real corporate culture that guides employees’ actions. Shaping a corporate culture means aligning shared values and common behaviour. Good values are the ones aligned with the forces at work: collaborative technology, globalisation driven cultural transformation and the rising importance of creativity. Hence, good values are those that stimulate and nurture the collaborative, cultural and creative sides of employees. Chapter 5 Technology enabled forces of globalisation to work. Channel management begins with finding the right channel partners with similar purpose, identity and ultimately values. Partners with compatible values will be able to deliver the stories convincingly to consumers. To bring the partnership one step forward, companies should integrate with the partners to bring integrity to the stories. Companies such as ITC limited play an important role in partnering with the poor to distribute their products in the rural areas. Chapter 6 Long term driven capitalism will make a significant contribution and they encourage shareholders to be more patient in their investments. To convince shareholders, a company’s management needs to formulate and communicate the corporate vision in addition to its mission and values. The corporate vision should embrace the concept of sustainability as it will determine competitive advantage in the long run. The company needs to communicate to its shareholders that adoption of sustainable practices will improve cost productivity, lead to higher revenue growth and improve corporate brand value. Chapter 7 A company should choose to promote issues based on three criteria: the relevance with its vision-mission values, the business impact, and the social impact. Companies should also act as good corporate citizens and address social problems within their business models. Companies are traditionally started for the purpose of making a profit through satisfying some set of market wants and desires. If they succeed and grow, they will usually receive requests to make donations to worthwhile causes. Overtime, the public begins to expect companies to operate as engines for social-cultural development and not engines for profit making. Some companies may react to this by building social challenge into the very fabric of their character. At this time, they transform the society and they have entered the marketing 3. 0 stage. Chapter 8 Poverty remains a core issue facing humankind. The distribution of income is in the shape of a pyramid rather than a diamond, with too many poor at the base of the pyramid. But pyramids can be converted to diamonds by empowering the poor. 1. Micro lending to the poor, especially women, who use the money in a productive way and show very high rates of payment. . Encourage the formation of Social business enterprises (SBE’s). The company can be positioned as a ‘hero for the poor’ or as a company that ‘teaches people how to fish instead of giving them free fish’. A SBE helps to improve their lives by providing affordable products and income generating opportunities. SBE’s offer the promise of rescuing the poor people by giving them opportunities and by using a modified marketing mix that makes their product and service offerings more affordable and accessible to the poor. Chapter 9 In this chapter, the importance of value based companies moving towards a green commitment is explained. Benefits include lower cost, better reputation and motivated employees. Three forces act for the building of the same. 1. Innovators- The innovator invents/innovates products that have the potential to save the environment via scientific research of major new green innovations. These products reverse the damage done and do not damage the environment. The innovations produce major impacts on the environment because they are used globally in the long run manner. . Investors- These are company that finance companies and individuals to do research projects in external companies or their own companies. 3. Propagator- These are companies that create environment ambassadors by spreading the values of protecting the earth to employees and consumers. It forms the critical mass or the support system that will purchase the products sold by the innovator and which will support the positive co ntribution of the investor. When all these roles act in the same market and collaborate, the green market is reinforced. Companies that promote environmental sustainability are practicing marketing 3. 0. Chapter 10 Customers are more aware, more active, and more powerful than ever before. Marketing 3. 0 shows you how to demonstrate you relevance to this interconnected, global community, giving you an unmatched guide to winning in this new age of marketing. The growth of social networks make it easier for people to talk about existing companies, products and brands in terms of their functional performance as well as their social performance. The new generation is much more attuned to social issues and concerns than ever before. Finally the book closes by talking about the ten credos of marketing 3. 0. The company fulfilling the mentioned ten doctrines is said to be practicing marketing 3. 0. 1. Love your customers, respect your competitors. 2. Be sensitive to change, be ready to transform 3. Guard your name, be clear who you are 4. Customers are diverse, go first to those who can benefit most from you. 5. Always offer a good package at a fair price 6. Always make yourself available, spread the good news. 7. Get your customers, keep and grow them. 8. Whatever your business, it is a service business to the nature. . Always refine your business process in terms of quality, cost and delivery. 10. Gather relevant information, but use wisdom in making your final wisdom. OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK Mktg 1. 0 represented  an effort to establish the superior performance of a product (Tide cleans better, Volvo is safety,)  In Mktg 2. 0; marketing added an emotional dimension to strengthen  its appeal to prospective cu stomers. We are entering Mktg 3. 0 where marketers are  adding a human spirit dimension. Mktg 1. 0 and 2. 0 is how about a product or offering will serve you. Mktg  3. is how a product and its company are sensitive to social and economic issues that are a concern to everyone. Companies that conduct themselves ecologically and create real value that  aligns with the social good will  be competitively favoured. The best companies right now, such as S. C. Johnson, are creating products, services, and company cultures that lead, inspire, and reflect the values of their customers. A key observation in this book is on Globalization as one of the trends that have influenced the emergence of Marketing 3. 0. The book calls it the ‘Globalization Paradox’ and quotes three instances of the same. First, the idea that capitalism does not require democracy which is exemplified by China – open markets do not mean open politics. The second paradox is explained as unequal distribution of wealth and the case in point is India with 50 Billionaires in one hand and 1 Billion of the population living with less than a dollar a day. And the third paradox is that the Global culture further strengthens the traditional culture as global cultural Brands gives direction owing to the increased awareness and concern in people about larger social issues. Another great thought in the book is about the age of creativity and human spirit marketing. In the information age, people are no longer willing to take brands at face value. What consumers are saying is not just, ‘What are you giving me? ’ but ‘Where do you come from? ’ and ‘What is the impact of my buying? ’ The new buzzwords are not just Value or Benefit, but include Authenticity and Social Impact as well. Thus, collaborative marketing and cultural marketing is considered as a breakthrough to the future. Relevance of Marketing 1. 0 amp; 2. 0 to Marketing Concept 3. 0 But marketing 1. 0 and 2. 0 still have some relevance. Marketing is still about developing segmentation, choosing the target segment, defining the positioning, providing the four P’s and building brand around the product. However, the changes in the business environment-recession, climate concerns, new social media, consumer empowerment, new wave technology, and globalisation- will continue to create a massive shift in marketing practices. Legendary marketing sage Philip Kotler and his colleagues Hermawan Kartajaya and Iwan Setiawan have identified this definitive break with new model imbued as Marketing 3. 0. Moving beyond product-based (Marketing 1. ) and consumer-based (Marketing 2. 0) approaches, Marketing 3. 0 takes a holistic approach to customers as multidimensional, values-driven people, even as potential collaborators. Unlike traditional marketing that emphasizes rational (mind) and emotional (heart) benefits to a consumer, Marketing 3. 0 includes a third dimension – ‘spirit. ’ The authors have cited m any examples in various parts of this book to strengthen this concept of Marketing 3. 0. Organizations will need to define themselves not just in terms of products and profitability, but in terms of their values and larger connect with the community.

How to Perform a Shakespeare Soliloquy

How to Perform a Shakespeare Soliloquy If you want to perform a  Shakespeare Soliloquy, then you need to prepare. Our teaching columnist is here with advice to help you perform a  Shakespeare Soliloquy. What Is a Shakespeare Soliloquy? Most of Shakespeare’s longer speeches for one character are soliloquies - a moment when a character shares their inner feelings with the audience alone. Often, the character discusses what is happening to them and their current options. They use this time cut out of the play to assess their situation, make sense of it and devise a plan. Most characters use the audience during the soliloquy as if they are a friend, so the audience needs to feel part of the discussion and complicit in the character’s plans. Developing a Soliloquy This is my five-step guide to help you prepare a soliloquy for either a full performance of a Shakespeare play or an audition speech. Think about the context. Even if you are auditioning, you need to understand where the soliloquy is in relation to the whole play and the character’s journey through it. Reading and knowing the entire play is crucial. In particular, think about what has happened immediately before the speech. Usually, a soliloquy is triggered by a key event - this is why Shakespeare gives his characters time to make sense of their situation. Your first job is to demonstrate the character’s feeling at the beginning of the speech.Analyze the structure of the text. A soliloquy is a mini play in itself. It has a beginning, middle, and end. Divide the text up into beats or subsections, each with a separate function. For example: â€Å"beat one - initial anger.† Once you have divided the speech up, you can begin to think about how to play each section in terms of physicality and voice.Think about where your character is. This is crucial to the way in which they behave in the scene. D epending on their situation, move as naturally as you can as if you were there. Your movement and speech will vary greatly depending on if you are outside in a storm  or in your enemy’s private home. Sequence the information. Having established the basics (context, structure, and situation), begin to sequence the information together and develop the work. Your audience should not be able to see the joins between your sections. The gaps between your beats or sub-sections need to be filled with gestures that demonstrate your character’s thought process.Emotional engagement is essential. Having worked on a good basic structure with natural movement and vocal quality, you must now engage with the character’s emotions. Without it, your work will feel false and contrived. Try to translate your own feelings from personal experiences into the role, either by thinking about your past emotions or simply by acting out how you would behave in particular emotional states. Performance Tips Don’t move unless you have to! Sometimes actors feel like they must move just because they are static. Many soliloquies require little movement and some speeches require no movement at all. Move only when the character should.Always make sure you know how to say unfamiliar words. Mispronunciation is embarrassing! YouTube, audio, and videotapes are always useful in this respect - or perhaps you could ask a teacher or practitioner.For auditions, always chose a speech that is close to you in age (unless you’ve been given a speech to learn). It is very difficult for any actor to play a character who is a lot older or younger than them.Finally, be yourself! The worst soliloquy performances I have seen occur when the actor tries to conform to a Shakespearean style of acting. This is always false and difficult to watch. Remember, a soliloquy is a personal reaction to events, so you need to engage with real feelings and thoughts. These can only come from you.

SLP 5 - HRM EVALUATING TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS Essay

SLP 5 - HRM EVALUATING TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS - Essay Example There are different models and tools that can be used to evaluate training and development programs that depend on the budget and the nature of the business. However, in the current situation, Kirkpatricks Four-Level Model will be used for the evaluation. The model consists of four levels namely, reaction, learning, behavior, and results. The four levels are all used for a complete evaluation. The model is the best model for measuring the effectiveness of training and development programs. The model helps one quantitatively analyze the impact and the effectiveness of the training so as to improve on it in the coming future. The evaluation model is divided into four parts: reaction, learning, behavior, and results. Reaction level measures how the trainee react towards the training (Kirkpatrick & Kirkpatrick, 2006). Notably, every instructor wants the trainee to feel that the training was accommodating to them, and they do feel good about the topic, the presentations, and the materials. The main drive of reaction evaluation is to improve the quality of training programs. This will in turn result in the improvement of performance which will be attained by measuring the participant’s reaction to the new program. Evaluation tools in this model are simply feedbacked forms and happy sheets that are based on subjective reaction to the training experiences. Learning level follows the reaction level. The main aim of evaluation at this level is to find the difference between what the trainees already knew and what they have learned from the training program (Kirkpatrick & Kirkpatrick, 2006). In other words, this is the measure of the increased knowledge from before to the end of the training. In this level, the evaluation focuses on measuring all that was covered in the training events. For this reason, the questions in this level will contain a pre-test that will be taken before practicum

The Politics and Policies of Three U.S President from the Post World Essay

The Politics and Policies of Three U.S President from the Post World War II - Essay Example Through peaceful cooperation as a result of a countries foreign policies, a country is able to protect its national interest, economic prosperity and more importantly national security. The United States has for long experienced a split personality when it comes to matters regarding foreign policy. Other policies exemplify a pragmatic nation which requires that the nation respond to facts as they relate to the situation at hand and hence application of a rational decision making process to the problem (Brinkley 2011). On the other hand, we have an idealistic side which has for long gotten the United States into trouble. This is attributed to the loss of sight on the fact that the resources at our disposal are limited. Additionally, the resources which are in most cases are measured both in terms of financial, economic and military in addition to political will which must at all times match the objectives of the country so as to ensure success. Since the end of the Second World War, t he country had been demobilizing and was also characterized with the public reverting to its traditional isolationist character (Brinkley 2011). This made containment only limited to where the military strength was greatest which was in Western Europe. The entrance of China into the Korean War on the 26th day of November 1950 resulted into a retreat by U.S. troops being below the thirty eighth parallel and consequently resulting into a stalemated war. It is in line with this that Eisenhower with a promise of ensuring the war in Korea is rapidly and successful conclusion was elected into office as president. Come the end of 1952, Eisenhower had already concluded that it was not prudent for the united states to needed to engage in a conventional war on the Asian mainland, a decision which we can trace to the fact that the cabinet was made up of businessmen who as a matter of fact were extreme fiscal conservatives who placed more emphasis on having a balanced budget (Brinkley 2011). Ad ditionally, the present who had been a general understood the need to the resources of America and their foreign policy commitments. Amongst remarkable attributes that can be associated with him include the realistic approach to foreign issues and the ability to recognize the limits of the capabilities of the resources. Additionally, he ushered in a pragmatic foreign policy through redefinition and limitation of the goals of containment. He is best remembered for negotiating for a ceasefire agreement between the North and the south at thirty-eighth parallel on July 1953. He additionally redirected support for French efforts in Indochina and subsequently promising economic aid to the Diem government. We can also note that he relied more on other countries resources mainly acquired through alliances like the Baghdad Pact and the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization as tools for countering threats posed by communists (Brinkley 2011). It can however be noted that Eisenhower failed to off er the needed support to Hungarian Uprising with the main excuse being that he believed that the United States lacked the requisite military resources to challenge the Soviet Union especially when it is in its sphere of influence. Additionally, due to his administrations fiscal conservatism the size of the armed forces was significantly reduced and subsequent development of the strategic doctrine of the massive retaliation (Brinkley 2011).

Successful student Essay Example for Free

Successful student Essay To become a successful college student, college students must first learn how to make sacrifices. In simpler terms, college students must make sacrifices, such as going out; instead, they should stay in and study. It is very important because college students need to learn that they cannot always go out and have fun; they have to stay home and study. Of course, they can go out and enjoy themselves just not as much as before. By staying home and studying, they will be able to pass their classes and understand what the professor is talking about when he lectures. Furthermore, college is definitely not cheap and not everyone is lucky enough to have parents who can afford to pay for all their classes, so students should get a job. When students get a job, they will be able to pay for gas, classes and anything else they might need. And that way they will not be stressing over money. College is expensive, but by having a job, college students will be able to afford supplies that are necessary for classes. Point in fact, All college students must make sacrifices, and losing social time to be able to go to work happens to be one of those sacrifices. Another new habit college students must create is becoming organized; it will make college much easier. In brief, students must learn how to become organized if they want to be successful at all in college. Once students become organized, they will not lose any paper work, and they will know exactly where everything is at. Being organized is probably one of the most important habits students must become, by becoming organized, they will always turn in their work on time without having to look everywhere for it. In other terms, being organized is definitely something students should consider; if they just put their papers anywhere, they will eventually lose them. Why would college students want everything to be cluttered and all over the place? Instead, if they just become organized, they will find everything much faster. If they ever needed to look back to their notes, they would know exactly where to look because they know exactly where they had put them. Point in fact, if students want to get through college successfully, they must be organized; not only that, but they must also learn how to manage their time! It might be frustrating at first, but students must learn how to manage their time; that way, they are never in a rush to class or work. Point in fact, by managing their time correctly; they will be successful in college. Unlike in high school, College students are not allowed to turn in work late; they must make time to study and get their work done, if they do not manage their time they will feel overwhelmed by all their work. By managing their time, they will get their work done quicker; they will not feel rushed to finish, and it will make work much simpler. To put it differently, if students do not manage their time correctly they will end up being late, and being late over and over again is not appropriate at all. College students are going to have to pay for college supplies and if they are constantly late for work, they will eventually get fired, but once they manage their time correctly, they will not need to worry about that. Managing their time will help teach them responsibility, without responsibility, they will not go far in college or even in life! In other words, students must learn how to manage their time, to study and have a social life, to be successful, and also enjoy college. In college, there is no doing the bare-minimum, and there is definitely no slacking off. Once in college, students have to do everything they can to be the very best, even if they have to create new habits. One of the many new habits students must create is learning how to make sacrifices; they must learn that if they want to become the very best, sacrifices must be made. Not only that, but they must also become organized; it might take time to get used to it, but it will be a huge factor in helping students become successful. Surely they will not get far they do not learn how to manage their time, and that is one of the most important habits so students should learn how to do that first. Even though college can be tough, creating and following these new habits will help students become successful.

Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy :: My Philosophy of Education

Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy To begin my statement of educational goals and philosophy, I would like to address the issue of the nature of students. I think it is important to state that my choice in becoming an educator was mainly influenced by my love of children of all ages. I was also priviledged to have the influence of my Grandmother Yost for seven years of my life. She was a school teacher in a one room school house in McDowell County. In the short time I was able to be with her, she left impressions on my little girl mind that I will never forget. She believed in children, she believed in God and she believed in living life to its fullest. She passed away when I was seven, but not before she had a chance to impress on me that there was something in life I could give back and that something was myself. To me, teaching is the best way to give of myself. In addition, I chose this profession because I have a genuine interest in seeing all children succeed. I am a firm believer that there is a level of achievement that each child can reach that far out weighs even their highest expectations. I have confidence in the students and believe that there is potential in everyone of them. I believe it is my job as a future educator to go into the classroom with a fresh mind and approach each child as a â€Å"clean slate†. I believe each child should be given the opportunity to change and excel above any record or previous achievement levels. To me, knowledge is something this out there to be obtained everyday. I want my students to understand that each day they enter the classroom there is something to learn, to be understood and more to know. The joy of education is understanding there is someone there to teach me something I didn’t know when I arrived. Knowledge is not a resting place, it is like a rung on a ladder, not meant to rest upon, but rather, there to place one foot higher. Knowledge is also obtained and increased within their life outside of the classroom.

Abortion Restrictions And Abortion Rates: Has State Abortion Policy Been Successful? Essay

Termination of a pregnancy before its due date, by use of medical methods is referred to as abortion. The aim of abortion is to prevent the baby from being born. There are various reasons that might trigger a person to terminate a pregnancy. First, the health of the mother may be at risk as a result of the pregnancy. Secondly, the mother may not be in a position to take care of the unborn child due to various reasons such as economic situation, security or other person reasons. Over the years, abortion has been tagged illegal and immoral especially by contemporary religions. Abortion is not wrong provided the person doing it has enough reasons to warrant that course of action. First, the liberation of women from gender bondage allows them to enjoy autonomous capability to make decisions concerning their lives. In the past male dominated era, women were not allowed to make vital decisions such as end pregnancies. However, women should now be allowed to carry out abortion because they possess the reproductive control over their wombs (Berlatsky 45). A woman has a right to determine her own future and decide whether it is safe to have children or not. Furthermore, women can now contribute to the economic, political and social life of a nation, making them also capable of controlling their own choices reproductive wise. The notion of determining the outcome of a woman’s fate in regard to either having a baby or not, is mandatory to gender discrimination (Berlatsky 30). Women now have the right to choose the course of their lives and consequently, have the right to choose whether to have children or not. Secondly, abortions prevent fatalities that could occur in case of complication with the pregnancy, illness of the mother or infants with noticeable abnormalities. Technology now can determine the health of the baby before he or she is born. In addition, some women may develop complications that may risk the life of either the mother or the child during the pregnancy period, or at birth. Since these problems are determined early, abortions can be the safest solution to avoid either risking the lives of the child and mother, or delivering a baby with visible abnormalities. According to Pritchard, some disorders are fatal enough to end the life of the baby shortly after birth (43). Once determined, it is imperative to end the pregnancy in order to avoid further suffering of both the child and the mother. Also, ending the pregnancy of such a child helps the family to save of medical expenses and avoid emotions trauma that could have affected them if the child would have been born. Some of the disorders that can be determined early are Down syndrome and anencephaly. Third, modern abortion techniques and equipment prevent complications and deaths that may occur during illegal abortions. Oakley noted that preventing abortion from taking place does not actually work (473). Illegalizing abortion encourages illegal and unsafe abortion practices that may cause unimaginable damage both physically and emotionally. According to Pritchard (43), desperate women induce abortions remotely without the help of professional practitioners. According to the study by Oakley, illegal abortions cause more than 70000 deaths globally annually. In another study, Oakley found out that use of modern equipment to carry out abortions reduces the risk of mortality (475). In addition, he found out that women are more at risk while giving birth than while carrying out an abortion. Moreover, Berlatsky (49) noted that pregnant related complications are higher during child birth than they are during abortion. In this, it is evident that abortion deaths occur only when the people in question do not perform the procedure using modern equipments. So, allowing abortion to be practiced legally will enable women to avoid side effects of abortion related complications such as cancer, mental health issues and infertility. In conclusion, it is imperative to note that there are various reasons that might trigger a person to terminate a pregnancy. A person can terminate their pregnancy due to personal reasons, or the health of the mother may be at risk as a result of the pregnancy. First, women should now be allowed to carry out abortion because they possess the reproductive control over their wombs. A woman has a right to determine her own future and decide whether it is safe to have children or not. Moreover, women can now contribute to the economic, political and social life of a nation, making them also capable of controlling their own choices. Secondly, technology now can determine the health of the baby before he or she is born. Additionally, some women may develop complications that may risk the life of either the mother or the child during the pregnancy period, or at birth. However, abortions prevent fatalities that could occur in case of complication with the pregnancy, illness of the mother or infants with noticeable abnormalities. Finally, modern abortion techniques and equipment prevent complications and deaths that may occur during illegal abortions. References Berlatsky, Noah. Abortion. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Oakley, Maureen Rand. â€Å"Abortion Restrictions And Abortion Rates: Has State Abortion Policy Been Successful?† Politics & Policy: 472-87. Pritchard, A., and S. K. Parsons. â€Å"The Effects of State Abortion Policies on States’ Abortion Rates.† State and Local Government Review: 43-52. Source document

Human Multi-Tasking

Human multitasking is the best performance by an individual of appearing to handle more than one task at the same time. The term is derived from computer multitasking. An example of multitasking is taking phone calls while typing an email. Some believe that multitasking can result in time wasted due to human context switching and apparently causing more errors due to insufficient attention. Etymology The term â€Å"multitasking† originated in the computer engineering industry. [1] It refers to the ability of a microprocessor to apparently process several tasks simultaneously. 2] Computer multitasking in single core microprocessors actually involves time-sharing the processor; only one task can actually be active at a time, but tasks are rotated through many times a second. With multi-core computers, each core can perform a separate task simultaneously. The first published use of the word â€Å"multitask† appeared in an IBM paper describing the capabilities of the IBM Sy stem/360 in 1965. [3] [edit]Research on human multitasking Since the 1990s, experimental psychologists have started experiments on the nature and limits of human multitasking. It has been shown multitasking is not as workable as concentrated times.In general, these studies have disclosed that people show severe interference when even very simple tasks are performed at the same time, if both tasks require selecting and producing action (e. g. , (Gladstones, Regan & Lee 1989) (Pashler 1994)). Many researchers believe that action planning represents a â€Å"bottleneck†, which the human brain can only perform one task at a time. [4] Psychiatrist Edward M. Hallowell[5] has gone so far as to describe multitasking as a â€Å"mythical activity in which people believe they can perform two or more tasks simultaneously as effectively as one. Others have researched multitasking in specific domains, such as learning. Mayer and Moreno[6] have studied the phenomenon of cognitive load in mu ltimedia learning extensively and have concluded that it is difficult, and possibly impossible to learn new information while engaging in multitasking. Junco and Cotten examined how multitasking affects academic success and found that students who engaged in more multitasking reported more problems with their academic work. 7] A more recent study on the effects of multitasking on academic performance found that using Facebook and text messaging while studying were negatively related to student grades, while online searching and emailing were not [8]. [edit]The brain's role in multitasking Because the brain cannot fully focus when multitasking, people take longer to complete tasks and are predisposed to error. When people attempt to complete many tasks at one time, â€Å"or [alternate] rapidly between them, errors go way up and it takes far longer—often double the time or more—to get the jobs done than if they were done sequentially,† states Meyer. 9] This is lar gely because â€Å"the brain is compelled to restart and refocus†. [10] A study by Meyer and David Kieras found that in the interim between each exchange, the brain makes no progress whatsoever. Therefore, multitasking people not only perform each task less suitably, but lose time in the process. When presented with much information, the brain is forced to pause and refocus continuously as one switches between tasks. [10] Realistically, this is â€Å"a rapid toggling among tasks rather than simultaneous processing. According to a study done by Jordan Grafman, chief of the cognitive neuroscience section at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, â€Å"the most anterior part [of the brain] allows [a person] to leave something when it’s incomplete and return to the same place and continue from there,† while Broadman’s Area 10, a part of the brain’s frontal lobes, is important for establishing and attaining long term goals. [9] Fo cusing on multiple dissimilar tasks at once forces the brain to process all activity in its anterior. Though the brain is complex and can perform a myriad of tasks, it cannot multitask well.Another study by Rene Marois, a psychologist of Vanderbilt University, discovered that the brain exhibits a â€Å"response selection bottleneck† when asked to perform several tasks at once. The brain must then decide which activity is most important, thereby taking more time. Psychologist David Meyer of the University of Michigan claims that, instead of a â€Å"bottleneck,† the brain experiences â€Å"adaptive executive control† which places priorities on each activity. These viewpoints differ in that, while bottlenecking attempts to force many thoughts through the brain at once, adaptive executive control prioritizes tasks to maintain resemblance of rder. The brain better understands this order and, as psychologists such as Dr. Meyer believe, can therefore be trained to mult itask. [11] Because the brain is an expanse of yet uncharted territory, psychologists do not understand how the brain truly processes input and reacts to overstimulation. Some research suggests that the human brain can be trained to multitask. A study published in Child Development by Monica Luciana, associate professor of psychology at the University of Minnesota, discovered that the brain’s capability of categorizing competing information continues to develop until ages sixteen and seventeen.Perhaps if people are trained to multitask at an early age, they will become efficient at multitasking. A study by Vanderbilt University found that multitasking is largely limited by â€Å"the speed with which our prefrontal cortex processes information. † Paul E. Dux, co-author of the study, believes that this process can become faster through proper training. The research team found that with training, the brain can think and perform certain tasks more quickly, effectively allo wing time for another task. The study trained seven people to perform two simple tasks, either separately or together, and conducted brain scans of the participants.The individuals multitasked poorly at first but, with training, were able to adeptly perform the tasks simultaneously. Brain scans of the participants indicate that the prefrontal cortex quickened its ability to process the information, enabling the individuals to multitask more efficiently. However, the study also suggests that the brain is incapable of performing multiple tasks at one time, even after extensive training. [12] This study further indicates that, while the brain can become adept at processing and responding to certain information, it cannot truly multitask.People have a limited ability to retain information, which worsens when the amount of information increases. For this reason people alter information to make it more memorable, such as separating a ten-digit phone number into three smaller groups or div iding the alphabet into sets of three to five letters. George Miller, former psychologist at Harvard University, believes the limits to the human brain’s capacity centers around â€Å"the number seven, plus or minus two. † An illustrative example of this is a test in which a person must repeat numbers read aloud.While two or three numbers are easily repeated, shown in the beginning straight line, fifteen numbers becomes more difficult, as the line curves. The person would, on average, repeat seven correctly. [13] Brains are only capable of storing a limited amount of information in their short term memories. This ineffectiveness of the human brain for multitasking has been demonstrated in different studies. [14][15][16] Laboratory based studies of multi-tasking indicate that one motivation for switching between tasks is to increase the time spent on the task that produces the most reward (Payne, Duggan & Neth, 2007).This reward could be progress towards an overall task goal or it could simply be the opportunity to pursue a more interesting or fun activity. Payne, Duggan and Neth (2007) found that decisions to switch task reflected either the reward provided by the current task or the availability of a suitable opportunity to switch (i. e. the completion of a subgoal). A French fMRI study published in 2010 indicated preliminary support for the hypothesis that the brain can pursue at most two goals simultaneously, one for each frontal lobe (which has a goal-oriented area). [17] [edit]Continuous partial attentionMain article: Continuous partial attention Author Steven Berlin Johnson describes one kind of multitasking: â€Å"It usually involves skimming the surface of the incoming data, picking out the relevant details, and moving on to the next stream. You’re paying attention, but only partially. That lets you cast a wider net, but it also runs the risk of keeping you from really studying the fish. â€Å"[18] Multimedia pioneer Linda Stone coined the phrase â€Å"continuous partial attention† for this kind of processing. [19] Continuous partial attention is multitasking where things do not get studied in depth.Rapidly increasing technology fosters multitasking because it promotes multiple sources of input at a given time. Instead of exchanging old equipment like TV, print, and music, for new equipment such as computers, the Internet, and video games children and teens combine forms of media and continually increase sources of input. [20] According to studies by the Kaiser Family Foundation, in 1999 only 16 percent of time spent using media such as internet, television, video games, telephones, text-messaging, or e-mail was combined.In 2005, 26 percent of the time this media was used together. [11] This increase in media usage decreases the amount of attention paid to each device. Today 82 percent of youth use the Internet by the seventh grade, according to the Pew Internet and American Life Project. A 2005 surv ey by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that, while their usage of media continued at a constant 6. 5 hours per day, Americans ages 8 to 18 were crowding roughly 8. 5 hours’ worth of media into their days due to multitasking.The survey showed that one quarter to one third of the participants have more than one input â€Å"most of the time† while watching television, listening to music, or reading. [9] The 2007 Harvard Business Review featured Linda Stone’s idea of â€Å"continuous partial attention,† or, â€Å"constantly scanning for opportunities and staying on top of contacts, events, and activities in an effort to miss nothing†. [11] As technology provides more distractions, attention is spread among tasks more thinly. A prevalent example of this inattention to detail due to multitasking is apparent when people talk on cell phones while driving.Talking and driving are mutually exclusive because focusing on both the conversation and the road use s the same part of the brain. [citation needed] As a result, people generally become more concerned with their phone conversations and do not concentrate on their immediate surroundings. A 2006 study published in the Human Factors journal showed that drivers talking on cell phones were more involved in rear-end collisions and sped up slower than drivers intoxicated over the . 08% legal limit. [citation needed] When talking, people must withdraw their attention from the road in order to formulate responses.Because the brain cannot focus on two sources of input at one time, driving and listening or talking, constantly changing input provided by cell phones distracts the brain and increases the likelihood of accidents. [citation needed] [edit]Popular commentary on practical multitasking Multitasking has been criticized as a hindrance to completing tasks or feeling happiness. Barry Schwartz has noted that, given the media-rich landscape of the Internet era, it is tempting to get into a habit of dwelling in a constant sea of information with too many choices, which has been noted to have a negative effect on human happiness. 21] The idea that women are better multitaskers than men has been popular in the media. Recently, a study by British psychologist Professor Keith Laws at the University of Hertfordshire was widely reported in the press to have provided the first evidence of female multitasking superiority. [22] A formal research paper has yet to be published. In another study,[23] females were found to perform better at coordinating a primary test with a secondary test (p=0. 007), supporting this notion that females are better at multi-tasking.However, the authors concluded their tests may not reflect real life multi-tasking and that further research was required. Observers of youth in modern society often comment upon the apparently advanced multitasking capabilities of the youngest generations of humans (Generation Y and Generation Z). While it is true that c ontemporary researchers find that youths in today's world exhibit high levels of multitasking, most experts believe that members of the Net Generation are not any better at multitasking than members of older generations. 24] However, recent studies by Bardhi, Rohm, and Sultan argue that Generation Y is becoming better at media multitasking. This is evidenced by the fact that they are gaining control over deciding which messages they pay attention to or not. [25] Furthermore, while there is a great deal of evidence showing the negative effects of multitasking on cognitive tasks [26] [27] [28] [29] [30], there is no evidence showing that multitasking has a positive or neutral effect on these tasks. **Source: WIKIPEDIA (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_multitasking)

Essay Sample on Little Children in Poetry

Essay Sample on Little Children in Poetry Little children are little cherubs from heaven who lost their way and found themselves trapped in this world of ours. No wonder they are so pure and innocent, so faithful and loving, so forgiving and so divine- they still have something heavenly in them! It’s such a pity that they lose this angelic touch in them as they grow more and more a part of this world. For me, it seems that as they are drawn away from heaven, these little children lose their luster of innocence. Children are such a source of joy as they bring so much lightness of heart and tenderness of emotions that they lilt like the lines of poetry. Yes, they are cute little verses running on little feet! Wasn’t it Alfred Lord Tennyson, poet laureate of the Victorian Age who in his â€Å"Children’s Hour† paid tribute to the â€Å"patter of little feet†? Or William Wordsworth who wrote and said that â€Å"the child is father to the man†? Definitely, it was Jesus who said â€Å"Let the children come unto me, for such as these is the kingdom of heaven!† Yes children are a joy forever; they are indeed things of heavenly beauty. Watch a tiny tot as he toddles across the room until he reaches the safety of a chair which he grasps with his chubby little hands; and see how he breaks into that victorious, yet gleeful toothless grin that can melt the hardest of hearts. Not even Alexander the Great could manage such a triumphant smile as he marched across As ia to India! Feel his little hands wrap themselves around your neck as he tiptoes to plant the wettest kiss on your cheeks. Such blessing from heaven you have never felt! Hear his tiny throat gurgle with laughter as he exhales all the mirth that heaven can afford to shower on you. Look at him in his crib at night as he sleeps after a whole day of impish delight. No greater peace can any man ever see such as  this! What happens, what really happens why all these beautiful things simply vanish from sight as the child grows up to his adulthood? Probably, it is deeply erroneous to teach a child to become more serious, more sober, more composed, more restrained as he continues to mature and grow to be a confused teenager until he becomes a dismal adult. Adults are in reality a total bundle of restrained thoughts and emotions, a walking, stifling mass of confused emotions and mental rigidity. What a noble piece of work man could become; but unfortunately he usually grows to be just that – a piece of work, and nothing else. We are admonished not to be childish; we are cajoled to be serious adults. We are taught to be serious about work; we are never told to enjoy work. We are often pushed to reach for the stars; but we are not asked if we would be happy just reaching for the moon. We are expected to succeed; but we are seldom taught to also expect to fail.That is what is wrong with the world today. We all have left our childhood forever and we never bothered to look back. It’s as if childhood is something to be avoided and to be forgotten. No wonder most of us still feel that lonesome longing for the happy days of our childhood; and as we do, we have moist eyes and tearful gazes. Why can’t we keep our childhood in our pockets and bring it out once in a while, especially when days become so tiring and so devastating? Why can’t we keep that child alive in us, deep in our minds and deep in our hearts? Why do we have to snuff out the life of that child in us and later suffer the utmost remorse that we did not keep him gleefully gurgling within us? If the child is father of the man, then let that child continue living in us; so that as our hearts leaped when we saw a rainbow in the sky so many, many years ago; so it would leap now at the same rainbow in the same sky. No, I am not at all advocating that we all remain irresponsibly childish. No, never. However, I believe that we should at many times in our dreary adult life become childlike so that we can see our life, even within the space of a few moments, as a precious toy that we can delight in tinkering with and we can enjoy pulling around as we go. This way, we can look at our world as our little playpen where all our toys are stuffed in, together with our milk bottle and our huggable and comforting pillows; instead of feeling that life is a prison of the most pernicious kind. Come, all of you and join me. Let us be childlike in our thoughts and in our feelings for it’s the only way we can become big little men- working like men but finding delight like a child; grinning like a man, but gurgling deep inside like a child; misty eyed like a man, but crying within like a child; wistful like a man, but hopeful like a child; caring like a man, but loving like a child. Come, it’s the only way we can have a little glimpse of heaven in this seemingly desolate life on earth.

A juxtaposition of republican and democratic parties

A juxtaposition of republican and democratic parties Democratic Party Vs Republican Party To properly compare the Democratic and Republican party platforms, I am going to pick three political issues that have popped up in this year’s election and review the party’s opinions and plans and highlight their similarities and differences. The three political issues will be immigration, gun control, and taxes. Starting with immigration, first looking at the democratic platform. Clinton basically says that she will make immigration easier. She wants to end the three and 10 year bars. She says she’ll do everything possible to protect immigrant families. She states she’ll close the detention centers and try to expand access to affordable health care. Clinton and the Democrats seem all for immigration. Now, taking a look over at the Republican candidate’s stance. Trump wants to put American citizens first. He wants a wall, plans on ending catch-and-release. No more sanctuary cities, no visas to countries without adequate screening, countries must take their deportees back. He wants to put in place a visa tracking system. No more job and benefits magnet. He is against massive immigration and wants to put America first. Next onto gun control. Clinton’s platform on gun control isn’t actually the worst thing ever. She wants to expand background checks and get rid of the Charleston Loophole. She plans on taking on the gun lobby and revoking licenses. She wants to make it illegal for domestic abusers, violent criminals, and the severely mentally ill to be able to obtain guns. Of course, none of these plans do anything if someone manages to get a gun illegally, but we really can’t do anything about that until after the fact. Trump, although not an advocate of taking guns away from everyone, shares a similar stance. Obviously he wants to support the Second Amendment right to bear arms. But he also wants to get serious about the prosecution of violent criminals. He also plans on getting gangs and drug dealers off the street. He also plans on expanding mental health programs to keep the violent mentally ill off the streets. However, he still wants to empower law-abiding gun owners to b e able to keep defending themselves if necessary. Finally, looking at something that really will affect us. Taxes. Clinton’s platform is raising taxes on the wealthy. I’m not super sure why, since she counts as wealthy. She phrases it as â€Å"restore basic fairness to our tax code†. She plans on closing corporate and Wall Street tax loopholes. She plans on charging an exit tax for companies leaving the US. She also wants to cut taxes for small business and pay for ambitious investments in a fiscally responsible way. Trump’s platform on taxes is a little different. He plans on reducing taxes across the board, especially for working and middle class Americans. He also will eliminate special interest loopholes, and entice business to stay in America and those who have moved to come back to America. He also will reduce the cost of child care by allowing families to deduct the full cost of childcare from their taxes. His tax plan will increase the economy and grow jobs. Comparing their platforms on these issues, you can see that they both have good ideas. We may not need a physical wall but we do need harsher immigration policies, especially with ISIS growing stronger every day. Stricter gun laws would be nice, but if we can get the gang bangers and violent criminals off the streets, that would be nice too. They both want to stimulate the American economy since Obamacare is basically collapsing now. They both want guns off the street, where they are hurting people. Clinton is pro-immigration and Trump is pro-isolation. Clinton wants to tax the rich and Trump wants to reduce taxes across the board. Similar ideas (sometimes), but different methods.

Mice oxygen consumption rate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mice oxygen consumption rate - Essay Example Warm-blooded animals maintain thermal homeostasis via internal metabolic processes; hence, endotherms can remain active over a broad range of ambient temperature (Stanier 79). # 2 Define metabolic rate Metabolic rate refers to the amount of energy utilized in a set period. Metabolic rate represents the pace at which energy can be utilized by an organism and encompasses the integration of all catabolic energy transformations in the body, as well as the intensity and speed of life itself. The metabolic rate may be enhanced by several processes of considerable ecological significance including tissue synthesis, food processing, and physical activity. The metabolic rate remains closely related to the rate of ATP production measured by cellular respiration (oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production. Metabolism represents the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations in the cells of living organisms. Metabolism also refers to all chemical reactions that manifest within living o rganisms including transport of substances (Cannon and Nedergaard 242). # 3 Factors that affect metabolic rate The metabolic rates can be essentially determined by relatively few factors, namely: temperature, phylogenetic affinities, and mass. The body temperature possesses pervasive impacts on biological processes via the influence of temperature on the activity of metabolically significant enzymes. The metabolic rates double or triple in the event that body temperature increases by 10 °C. The absolute levels of metabolism that the temperature levels establish may be subject to acclamatory or evolutionary changes through the alteration of enzyme structure or composition. In endotherms, the impacts of the core thermal dependence may be surpassed by the physiological regulation of body temperature, which is energetically expensive ((Navas and Jose? 13). One of the primary factors impacting on metabolic rate is boy size or body mass. The metabolic rate interspecifically relates with body mass. Individuals with greater body weight manifest a higher resting metabolism relative to smaller individual since their body would have to work â€Å"harder† to support and sustain the extra weight. This theory stipulates that, endothermic animals must metabolically generate enough body heat to balance the heat lost via their body surface if they were to maintain a constant body temperature. Phylogeny: The metabolic level differs among taxa, whereby the phylogenetic history of an animal determines the rate of energy expenditure (Navas and Jose? 15). Moreover, men usually possess less body fat and more muscles relative to women of the same weight and age, which leads to burning of more calories. As people get older, the size of the muscle tends to reduce, which in turn slows down calories burning. # 4 How metabolic rate is dependent on the ambient external temperature The temperature of an animal relies on the amount of heat contained within the animal’s body. Animals can absorb or lose heat from or to the environment via several processes such as convection, conduction, radiation, and evaporation. The amount of heat transferred into or out of an animal hinges on the surface area, heat

Materials in Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Materials in Engineering - Essay Example Practicing engineers have to understand the specific characteristics of these materials in order to make the most appropriate selection for the job on hand. Engineering materials are of many types – metals (ferrous and non-ferrous), plastics, polymers, ceramics, glass, cement etc. The most extensively used materials for engineering are of course metals followed by cement, plastics and ceramics. Different engineering disciplines like mechanical, civil, electrical, space engineering, electronics etc. have to use these materials for building their intended products. Such products operate or exist in a vast variety of situations, and it is this variety that determines which materials are to be used where. The selection of materials poses a problem, given the different situations and the vast array of available materials. To confront this problem and make the most appropriate selection, design engineers have to match the application needs to the characteristics of the materials. A defined set of load conditions may demand completely different materials depending upon the application of the item – e.g., in surface transport vehicles, ocean going liners or in space crafts. Design engineers select materials, depending upon their properties and suitability for the intended purpose. This is because, while the stresses and strains may be similar, the behavior of the material in the different situations can be completely different. A normal structural steel (like St 42W) may be quite suitable for a railroad car in Latin America, but is unsuitable in cold regions like Russia, where it may be subject to temperature variations of +35 to -35 deg. Celsius. A ferritic stainless steel may be unsuitable in space engineering while the same may be quite adequate for kitchen utensils. Or to cite another example, electronic components used in TV sets are specifically tropicalized for suitability of operation in hot countries. Thus, it is essential to understand the vast variety of

Dog Training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dog Training - Essay Example Other dogs elsewhere in the world were lovingly inherited by their own masters. Even Oprah Winfrey had written a will endowing $30 million to her 5 dog pets ensuring that they will be pampered throughout their lives even if she has already passed away, Woman's Day reported (Woman's Day, Sept. 10, 2007). Ordinary people care for their dogs as if they're caring for their own children, sleeping, eating and even traveling with them. This hardly can be considered a phenomenon because dogs among all creatures in the universe evince qualities and traits that are even difficult to find in humans and these are purity of heart, unconditional love and devotion, the absence of malice and hidden motives or sincerity, unfathomed fidelity and loyalty and the adherence to his master in all adversity and through all vicissitudes. When one loves his or her dog 50% in intensity, his or her dog returns it 100%. The dog's love is consistent and unfailing. While spouses show affection only in the early years of the marriage, dogs show affection day in and day out, year in and year out. The dog's warmth, devotion and obedience know no barrier nor limits. We often hear of stories of dogs pining for their master's presence even after the latter's death. In Edinburgh, Scotland a Skye Terrier named Greyfriars Bobby spent 14 years guarding his master's grave until his own demise. His saga was immortalised in the Disney movies Greyfriars Bobby (1961) and The Adventures of Greyfriars Bobby (2006) (Atkins 2005, pp.52-256). War stories such as those from World War I are even more replete with stories of dogs refusing to leave their masters' corpses even if they were already in a state of decomposition. Then there was the story of Heidi, the Russell Terrier who sought out her Scottish master, Graham Snell who fell in a cliff and died. Finding him, she traversed down the 500 foot ravine and stayed with Snell until they were reached by a rescue team (dogsinthenews.com). All of these stories are endless, all earning for the dog the sobriquet, 'man's best friend'. Dogs' Natural Instincts Researchers have always claimed that dogs trace their lineage from gray wolves (canis lupus) some tens of thousands of years ago. As a priori evidence, many have adduced as evidence the similarity of structures and the period of gestation between the two species (Richardson 1857, p,18). They were ostensibly domesticated when wolves' pups were taken 3 and bred and tamed by early men and successfully socialized. By the process of intentional cross-breeding, the tamed domestic dog (canis lupus familiaris) emerged (Scott & Fuller 1974, p.140). Since then they had been

Implications of Chinas Rapid Economic Development

Implications of Chinas Rapid Economic Development Global firm and global business environment If current trends continue, China may be the world’s largest economy by 2050. Discuss the possible implications of such a development for: The world trading system The main implication of China’s economic rise is that China has become a major engine of global economic and trade growth. From 2000–2005, China’s economic growth has averaged 9.5 percent in real terms; but its imports have tripled from $225 billion in 2000 to $660 billion in 2005 (Bergsten et al, 2006). As a result of this, China alone has accounted for about 12 percent of the growth of global trade, an impressively high share given that in 2000 it accounted for less than 4 percent of global trade. Indeed, although China’s economy is a small fraction of that of the United States, in the first half of this decade, China’s trade grew so fast that it contributed half again as much as the United States to the expansion of global trade. As a result, should China’s economy begin to approach, and even overtake, the United States as the world’s largest economy, global trade would potentially see a corresponding, albeit disproportionately, lar ge increase in size. However, running counter to this is that China’s massive trade surpluses, most notably a $202 billion surplus with the United States (Bergsten et al, 2006), hugely exacerbate political frictions in several developed nations. This has led to pervasive pressures being brought in many countries to reduce their dependence on cheap, labour-intensive Chinese imports; and to redress the balance of these surpluses. Should China’s economy grow to surpass the US, these pressures may become unbearable, and protectionist measures may win support in many nations. This would undoubtedly harm the global trading system however it would be likely to make a fatal impact because, as several countries have found with the US, if you want to participate in global trade, you have to be willing to deal with the biggest economy. The world monetary system China’s monetary policy currently presents two major issues for the world monetary system. Firstly, due to China’s fixed peg to the U.S. dollar, the renminbi has depreciated on a real trade-weighted basis since the start of 2002 when the value of the dollar began to depreciate significantly when compared to major currencies such as the euro (Bergsten et al, 2006). Second, even though China’s productivity growth has slowed somewhat in recent years, the fact that it still exceeds its trade partners’ average, when combined with the artificial peg to the dollar, makes its goods disproportionately more competitive in global markets. As China’s economy grows ever larger, and the US trade deficit continues to worsen, the demand for the dollar will fall further. This, combined with China’s position as the country with the world’s second largest surplus country, should lead China to allow its currency to appreciate against the dollar, and thus transition to a growth path driven more by domestic consumption than by farther increases in its external surplus, which is already far too large for the rest of the world to accept. If China were to allow its currency to appreciate significantly it likely would lead to the desired general appreciation of Asian currencies relative to the dollar, and would thus increase China’s importance in a world monetary system no longer dominated by the dollar and the euro. Moreover, if China allows the renminbi to appreciate, it reduces the risk of stimulating a harmful protectionist response in the United States, and perhaps elsewhere. The business strategy of today’s European and U.S. based global corporations. As China’s economy becomes ever more important, global corporations will have to deal with China and Chinese companies and consumers if they wish to remain globally competitive. However, China’s internal competitive pressures will grow ever stronger, with several firms manufacturing similar products and local firms becoming stronger players. Consequently, before a multinational firm can introduce a new product to China, it must first evaluate every aspect of its homegrown marketing strategy to see where adaptations may be necessary, especially if a firm is entering China with a culturally specific product, such as automobiles, foods or clothing (Dayal-Gulati and Lee, 2004). As China’s cultural norms are so different from those in the West, global corporations will increasingly create whole business divisions devoted to tapping into the Chinese market, and will seek strategic alliances with local businesses to benefit from their knowledge. Equally, as China’s economy grows, increasing numbers of global corporations will begin basing more of their operations in China to take advantage of the strength of the local economy and the relatively low wage rates. However, this will not necessarily be a fundamental shift, and will likely fit into many of these corporations’ existing global strategies of having separate offices for Europe, America, Australasia etc. Global commodity prices China’s rise has important distributional implications for the global economy. Its massive exports of labor-intensive goods have led to significant declines in the relative prices of those goods. This, in turn, has put downward pressure on the relative wages of unskilled workers, even in advanced industrial economies. The other side of the coin is that China’s imports are mostly skill- and capital-intensive investment goods, and commodities. Thus China’s burgeoning import demand is raising the relative wages of skilled labor, the profit share of output, and commodity prices. Should the Chinese economy grow to match that of the US, without shifting its balance away from labor-intensive manufacturing, global commodity prices could rise significantly as Chinese demand for these commodities continues to rise. However, as China’s economy continues to grow, and if political resistance to its export policies remains strong, China may well look to shift its economy away from resource heavy manufacturing, into the skill- and capital-intensive investment goods and services. This shift may also be driven by China’s desire to reduce its dependence on the US, Japan Taiwan and South Korea, who supply almost 45% of Chinese imports, primarily electrical machinery and professional and scientific equipment (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2007). Again, in this area it may be political pressures, rather than economic, that prove to be most pervasive. References Bergsten, C. F. Gill, B. Lardy, N. R. and Mitchell, D. (2006) China: The Balance Sheet: What the World Needs to Know Now About the Emerging Superpower. PublicAffairs. Dayal-Gulati, A. and Lee, A. Y. (eds) (2004) Kellogg on China: Strategies for Success. Kogan Page. Economist Intelligence Unit (2007) Country Report China. The Economist.